Two chemicals commonly used to make plastics more flexible have been linked to nearly 2 million premature births and about 74,000 newborn deaths worldwide in 2018, according to a new study.
A baby is considered premature if born before 37 weeks of pregnancy. Health experts warn that babies who survive premature birth may face serious complications, including breathing problems, developmental delays, and long-term health issues.
The chemicals—di-2-ethylhexylphthalate (DEHP) and diisononyl phthalate (DiNP)—belong to a class of synthetic substances known as phthalates. These chemicals are known to disrupt the body’s hormone system, a process referred to as endocrine system interference, and have been linked to developmental, reproductive, and immune-related problems.
According to Leonardo Trasande, a senior author of the study, even small disruptions in hormones can have significant biological effects.
Phthalates are often described as “everywhere chemicals” because they are widely used in everyday products such as food packaging, children’s toys, personal care items, and medical equipment. They are also commonly found in products like perfumes, deodorants, nail polish, and plastic food wraps.
Research has previously linked phthalates to reproductive issues, lower testosterone levels, obesity, asthma, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. A 2021 study also suggested they may contribute to thousands of premature deaths annually among middle-aged adults.
Scientists believe these chemicals may contribute to preterm births by disrupting placental function. The placenta plays a critical role in supplying oxygen and nutrients to a developing fetus, and any dysfunction can increase the risk of early labor.
The study, published in the journal eClinicalMedicine, analyzed data from 200 countries and territories. It found that regions such as Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia bear the highest burden, partly due to rising plastic use and waste.
Experts caution that the findings do not prove the chemicals directly cause premature birth, but they add to growing evidence that phthalates as a group may pose significant health risks.
While these chemicals leave the body relatively quickly, reducing exposure can still make a difference. Experts recommend choosing products labeled “phthalate-free,” avoiding heating food in plastic containers, improving indoor ventilation, and regularly cleaning to reduce contaminated dust.
However, researchers stress that individual efforts alone are not enough. They say stronger regulations, safer product design, and improved environmental oversight are needed to reduce widespread exposure to harmful chemicals.